{"id":34772,"date":"2026-10-21T13:10:36","date_gmt":"2026-10-21T11:10:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.kkz.com.pl\/?p=34772"},"modified":"2026-10-21T13:10:45","modified_gmt":"2026-10-21T11:10:45","slug":"criminal-insult-penalties-examples-and-defence-against-an-accusation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kkz.com.pl\/en\/2026\/10\/21\/criminal-insult-penalties-examples-and-defence-against-an-accusation\/","title":{"rendered":"Criminal insult &#8211; penalties, examples and defence against an accusation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Criminal insult is conduct that expresses contempt for another person and violates their dignity, most often through words, gestures, offensive terms, images, recordings or online publications. Under Polish criminal law, liability is based on Article 216 of the Criminal Code, which regulates the offence of insult [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In practice, criminal insult arises in business, employment, neighbour, family, media and online disputes. It may involve a statement made at a management board meeting, a comment under a publication, an email, a message sent via an instant messenger, or conduct during a conflict with a client, contractor or employee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Criminal insult under the Polish Criminal Code &#8211; what does Article 216 involve?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Article 216 of the Criminal Code provides for liability for insulting another person in their presence or in their absence, but publicly or with the intention that the insult should reach that person. Therefore, not only the content of the statement matters, but also the context, form, addressee, intention and method of dissemination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Criminal insult does not have to contain a false allegation. This distinguishes it from defamation under Article 212 of the Criminal Code, which concerns accusing a person of conduct or characteristics that may humiliate them or expose them to the loss of trust needed for a given position, profession or type of activity [1]. In the case of insult, the key issue is the humiliating, abusive or contemptuous nature of the message.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In reputation-related cases, it is often necessary to assess criminal, civil and employment liability in parallel. In such situations, the protection of personal rights under Articles 23 and 24 of the Civil Code is also relevant [2]. More information about this area of practice can be found in the section on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kkz.com.pl\/uslugi-prawne\/dobra-osobiste-i-prawo-mediow\/\">personal rights and media law<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Examples of criminal insult &#8211; when can words lead to criminal liability?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not every impolite, harsh or emotional statement will be a criminal offence. The assessment depends on all the circumstances of the case. However, examples of criminal insult include situations where a statement is not intended as substantive criticism, but to humiliate another person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>offensive name-calling directed at an employee during a meeting or telephone conversation,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a vulgar comment about a management board member published on social media,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>humiliating terms used against a contractor in correspondence sent to several people,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>an offensive meme, image or recording shared through a company communicator,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the public use of words intended to demean a person rather than assess their actions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The line between criticism and criminal insult can be thin. Permissible criticism may be firm, unpleasant and negative, but it should relate to facts, decisions, competence or behaviour. Criminal insult usually attacks a person\u2019s dignity through abuse, contempt or humiliation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A broader discussion of the relationship between insulting someone and criminal liability can be found in the article: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kkz.com.pl\/2025\/11\/18\/kara-za-obrazanie-drugiej-osoby-kiedy-slowa-staja-sie-przestepstwem\/\">penalty for insulting another person<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Penalty for criminal insult &#8211; what are the consequences under Article 216?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The penalty for criminal insult depends on the form of the act. Under Article 216 \u00a7 1 of the Criminal Code, insulting another person is punishable by a fine or restriction of liberty. If the insult is committed through means of mass communication, Article 216 \u00a7 2 of the Criminal Code provides for a fine, restriction of liberty or imprisonment for up to one year [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Means of mass communication are not limited to traditional press, radio or television. In practice, they may also include the internet, social media platforms, video services, forums and other channels that allow broad access to content. In each case, the actual reach and nature of the publication are important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If a person is convicted of criminal insult committed through means of mass communication, the court may also order a compensatory payment to the injured party, the Polish Red Cross or another social purpose indicated by the injured party [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Three situations under Article 216 \u00a7 3 of the Criminal Code<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Article 216 \u00a7 3 of the Criminal Code provides for an important mitigating mechanism. If the insult was provoked by the challenging behaviour of the injured party, or if the injured party responded by infringing bodily integrity or by a reciprocal insult, the court may refrain from imposing a penalty [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In practice, this covers three situations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the insult was provoked by the challenging behaviour of the injured party,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the injured party responded by infringing bodily integrity,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the injured party responded with a reciprocal insult.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is not an automatic acquittal. The provision gives the court the option to refrain from imposing a penalty, but it requires proof of the course of events, the dynamics of the conflict and the role of both parties. Evidence is crucial here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Defence against an accusation of criminal insult<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cases involving criminal insult are, as a rule, prosecuted by private accusation. This means that the procedural initiative generally belongs to the injured party, who files a private bill of indictment [1][3]. The defence should focus on the facts, context and evidence, not only on claiming that the statement was a joke or an emotional reaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most common defence strategies include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the absence of an abusive character of the statement in the specific context,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>no intention for the statement to reach the injured party, if the statement was made in the injured party\u2019s absence and was not public,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>substantive criticism of conduct, decisions or actions, rather than an attack on a person\u2019s dignity,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>acting within a dispute in which the statement was taken out of context,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the existence of grounds under Article 216 \u00a7 3 of the Criminal Code,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>doubts as to the authorship of a post, message, image or recording.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In corporate cases, digital evidence is particularly important: metadata, communication history, screenshots, system logs, recordings, witness statements and internal policies. HR, compliance and legal departments should secure evidence in a way that does not breach personal data protection laws or the rules on lawful employee monitoring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Criminal insult in the workplace, business and online<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Criminal insult within an organisation may have consequences that go beyond the criminal case itself. It may lead to employee disciplinary liability, claims for infringement of personal rights, a workplace bullying dispute, or a breach of ethics and compliance rules. From the employer\u2019s perspective, a prompt, proportionate and documented response is important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In disputes between businesses, insulting statements may escalate a reputation-related conflict, hinder negotiations or lead to crisis publications. A risk assessment should cover not only Article 216 of the Criminal Code, but also potential civil claims, image-related consequences and communication risks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This material is for information purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Every criminal insult case requires an assessment of the specific statement, context, evidence and purpose of the parties\u2019 actions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In matters requiring an assessment of criminal, reputational or employment-related risk, it is advisable to consult the evidence with lawyers. Kope\u0107 &amp; Zaborowski law firm can analyse the case after contact through the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kkz.com.pl\/\">KKZ website<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>FAQ &#8211; criminal insult<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What is criminal insult within the meaning of Article 216 of the Criminal Code?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Criminal insult is conduct that expresses contempt for another person, most often through words, gestures, images, posts or recordings. Liability is based on Article 216 of the Polish Criminal Code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What is the penalty for criminal insult?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Basic criminal insult is punishable by a fine or restriction of liberty. If the act is committed through means of mass communication, imprisonment for up to one year is also possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Can a true statement be a criminal insult?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes. In criminal insult cases, the abusive or humiliating nature of the message is key. A truth defence is primarily relevant to defamation, and does not automatically apply to criminal insult.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Can an online comment be a criminal insult?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes. A comment, post, meme, recording or image published online may constitute criminal insult, especially if it is public and directed against a specific person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Is criminal insult prosecuted ex officio?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a rule, criminal insult is an offence prosecuted by private accusation. The injured party usually files a private bill of indictment themselves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Does the court always impose a penalty for criminal insult?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No. In the situations specified in Article 216 \u00a7 3 of the Criminal Code, the court may refrain from imposing a penalty, including where the insult was provoked by the challenging behaviour of the injured party.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Bibliography<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Act of 6 June 1997 &#8211; Criminal Code, Journal of Laws 1997 No. 88, item 553, as amended, in particular Articles 212 and 216.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Act of 23 April 1964 &#8211; Civil Code, Journal of Laws 1964 No. 16, item 93, as amended, in particular Articles 23 and 24.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Act of 6 June 1997 &#8211; Code of Criminal Procedure, Journal of Laws 1997 No. 89, item 555, as amended, provisions concerning private prosecution proceedings.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Author:&nbsp;<\/strong>adw. Maciej Zaborowski, Managing Partner<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>E-mail:<\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"mailto:m.zaborowski@kkz.com.pl\"><strong>m.zaborowski@kkz.com.pl<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"tel:+48225015610\"><strong>tel.:&nbsp;<\/strong>+48 22 501 56 10<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/maciej-gustaw-zaborowski\/\"><strong>LinkedIn<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Criminal insult is conduct that expresses contempt for another person and violates their dignity, most often through words, gestures, offensive terms, images, recordings or online publications. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":34536,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[411],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34772","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Criminal insult - penalties, examples and defence against an accusation - Law Firm \u2013 Warsaw \u2013 KKZ \u2b50\u2b50\u2b50\u2b50\u2b50 \u2013 Kope\u0107 Zaborowski Attorneys and Legal Advisors<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"We invite you to read the latest article - Criminal insult - penalties, examples and defence against an accusation.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kkz.com.pl\/en\/2026\/10\/21\/criminal-insult-penalties-examples-and-defence-against-an-accusation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Criminal insult - penalties, examples and defence against an accusation - Law Firm \u2013 Warsaw \u2013 KKZ \u2b50\u2b50\u2b50\u2b50\u2b50 \u2013 Kope\u0107 Zaborowski Attorneys and Legal Advisors\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"We invite you to read the latest article - Criminal insult - penalties, examples and defence against an accusation.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.kkz.com.pl\/en\/2026\/10\/21\/criminal-insult-penalties-examples-and-defence-against-an-accusation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Law Firm \u2013 Warsaw \u2013 KKZ \u2b50\u2b50\u2b50\u2b50\u2b50 \u2013 Kope\u0107 Zaborowski Attorneys and Legal Advisors\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/maciej.zaborowski.5\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-10-21T11:10:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-21T11:10:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.kkz.com.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ENG11.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"940\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"788\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin_kkz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin_kkz\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kkz.com.pl\\\/en\\\/2026\\\/10\\\/21\\\/criminal-insult-penalties-examples-and-defence-against-an-accusation\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kkz.com.pl\\\/en\\\/2026\\\/10\\\/21\\\/criminal-insult-penalties-examples-and-defence-against-an-accusation\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin_kkz\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kkz.com.pl\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/3bcd45b2280807483177af6701e2234b\"},\"headline\":\"Criminal insult &#8211; 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